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Berdyansk ((ウクライナ語:Бердя́нськ), translit. ''Berdyans'k'', (ロシア語:Бердя́нск), ''Berdyansk'') is a port city in the Zaporizhia Oblast (province) of south-east Ukraine. Administratively, it is incorporated as a city of oblast significance and serves as an administrative center of Berdyansk Raion, though it does not belong to the raion. Berdyansk is located on the northern coast of the Sea of Azov. Population: . Berdiansk is known in Ukraine due to its sea port and industries. It is also home to a health resort with mud baths and climatic treatments. ==History== Berdyansk city was created by Earl Vorontsov who after being appointed governor general sent an expedition to the Azov Sea. Its task was to find a place to build a new seaport. In the autumn of 1824 Captain Kritsky, the expedition supervisor, reported on several prospective sites; the best being a place closed off from the sea by the Berdiansk Spit. In an official report to Vorontsov, Kritsky wrote: "the quality of Berdiansk Spit surpasses that of Obitochnaya Spit; you can build a landing stage and port on it unless you concede to Sevastopol..." On 3 November 1827 a certificate of land dissociation for a mooring and a city was issued. From that day Berdiansk began to grow. In the same year a landing stage was built on a gulf bank. A small settlement was established which over time turned into the city of Berdiansk. Its original name was Kutur-Ogly. The neighbouring settlement from these foundations was known by the name ''Berdy''. The city name changed to ''Novo-Nogaisk'' in 1830 (meant "New Nogaisk") (see Nogai). The present name was given to the city in 1841 by special decree of Nicholas I. The name "Berdyansk" is derived from the Berda river name that flows into the sea not far from the city. Between 1939 and 1958 the city was known as ''Osipenko'', so named after Hero of the Soviet Union Polina Osipenko.〔Осипенко, Полина Денисовна, Wikipedia〕 This name has now been given to the nearby village Osipenko where Polina Osipenko was born. The mooring opening ceremony took place on July, 1st, 1830. The new port authority quickly grew and Berdiansk was granted city status in 1835. In 1838 its population comprised 3200 inhabitants and in 1842 Berdiansk became the district centre. Then, on 31 January 1845, the first Berdiansk coat of arms for the Berdiansk district was created. In the top strip, on a green field is a silver Nogay's nomadic tent together with a black plough; this denotes the semi-nomadic life lived in the Nogays and farming work done by local residents. In the bottom part, on a blue field sits a black anchor to symbolise the district's affinity with the sea. By this time the customs outpost was already opened. Some foreign marine grain purchasing representatives (negotiators) moved their offices to Berdiansk from Mariupol and Odessa. In 1838 the Nizhneberdiansky beacon was built. It is a 23-metre octahedral whitestone tower with an orange stripe in the middle. The beacon fires protected sailing ships and was first seen in 1840. Almost half a century later, in 1883, the oil lamps were replaced by electric lights. The old beacon was refurbished and upgraded with newer equipment. It remains on watch, lighting the way for ships along the nearby coast. The city developed and grew. In the centre, private residences for the nobility, merchants, priests and office accommodation were built. Suburbs arose in outskirts of Berdiansk: Sailor's, German, Soldier's (better known as Liski), the Dog gully, Gavrilovka, Near and Far Makorty. In April 1862 Tsar Alexander II with assistance from the mayor N. Kobozev confirmed the city district plan for Berdiansk. In the plan the streets were straight and lead to the sea. This layout has remained to the present day in the central part of the city. It was forbidden to build houses above the second floor. Fine buildings decorate Berdiansk: Winter theatre, town council building, hotel "Bristol", boys' classical gymnasium, Voznesensky cathedral and the Lutheran church. The seaport quickly developed. In 1869 all breakwater building came to the end. Its stone construction is 640 metres long with two port fires at each end. There are passage maps in the harbour, located 859 metres from coast to serve port users. In the evening after the sun has gone down, the breakwater looks admirable from the Seaside square or from the quay in Gorky street. Rumours about another new coastal city seaport spread far beyond the district. One behind another in Berdyansk, trading consulates of Greece, England, Italy, Spain, Austro-Hungary, France, Denmark and other states were built. The increasing importance of the port was mentioned in 1867 in a memorable book on the Taurian province: "Already there is no doubt, that for all the Azov coast the Berdiansk port will be the Odessa of the Black Sea coast". In 1876 as part of the defence of Sevastopol, rear admiral P. P. Schmidt was appointed town governor and port chief. Being a progressive man, he did much to promote the development of both port and city. Everyone who wielded power has left their mark on the history of this city: N. S. Kobozev, I. F. Matias, I. F. Gemmerle, V. I. Sahanev, K. P. Konstantinov, K. S. Argiropulo, I. D. Demetriadis, V. E. Gaevsky, V. I. Apopov and other people of that era promoted city growth and its prosperity. Soon there were small industrial enterprises and banks opening in the city. D. Grievza's factory manufacturing harvesters became well known across Europe. A farming machines factory was opened by Schröder and Matias. There was the cordage factory of Venz and Yanzen, Selstrem's candle-wax works Sels, Litsmen sausage factory, Fetter's brewery, Klavdin macaroni factory, Ediger's printing house. The Italians constructed the city power station. Berdyansk turned into an industrial port and merchant trading city. By this time, two daily newspapers, three libraries and four bookshops were established. The city had running water and electric light illumination. In 1899 Berdiansk was linked up to the railway. At the beginning of the 20th century the city population numbered 26,500. There were about ten orthodox temples, two Jewish and one Karaite synagogue, boys and girls grammar schools, nautical classes, a city college and some credit institutions. In addition to an extensive export trade in mainly grain and flour, Berdiansk conducted large amounts of inland trade. It became a substantial distributive market for goods received over a wide area. By the beginnings of the 20th century, Berdiansk had become a merchant trading port with well developed industry, strongly influenced by its infrastructure. In Berdiansk there were newspapers, bookshops and libraries, running water, the city had been electrified and its railway was complete. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Berdiansk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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